如何使用LaTeX/TikZ绘制工作分解结构

1. Introduction

Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) are practical tools for visualizing and breaking project hierarchies into manageable components.

With the power of LaTeX and tikz, we can create professional-looking WBS diagrams that seamlessly integrate with our LaTeX documents.

In this tutorial, we’ll create a WBS using LaTeX and tikz. 

2. How to Draw Work Breakdown Structures

First, we need the tikz package.

The tikz package is a powerful tool for creating graphics and diagrams in LaTeX. It offers various libraries that extend its functionality. These libraries provide predefined shapes, arrows, patterns, and more. We can create common graphical elements and customize their appearance.

In this article, we’ll recreate a computational intelligence breakdown structure:

Let’s draw this figure using the tikz package.

2.1. The tikzpicture Environment

All the commands should be in the tikzpicture environment:

begin{tikzpicture}
% the tikz code for drawing a WBS will come here
end{tikzpicture}

2.2. Styles

We can define any custom styles that we need for our WBS. This step is optional but can help maintain consistency in the appearance of WBS. Here’s an example:

\tikzset{
    rectangle/.style  = {draw, text width=3cm},
    style1/.style = {rectangle, rounded corners=3pt, thin, align=center, fill=pink!30},
    style2/.style = {rectangle, rounded corners=6pt, thin, align=center, fill=pink!60},
    style3/.style = {rectangle, thin, align=left, fill=pink!60}
}

The arguments are as follows:

• rectangle/.style = {draw, text width=2cm} defines a tikz style named rectangle. It specifies that the drawn shape will have a border \draw and a text width of 2cm
• style1/.style: defines a tikz style named style1. It inherits the rectangle style, with a rounded corner of radius 3pt. It also aligns the shape to the center and uses the light pink shade at 30% opacity as the fill color
• style2/.style: and style3/.style define similar styles

2.3. Positioning and Connecting the Nodes

We use the \node command to position the nodes in the WBS:

level 1/.style={sibling distance=40mm},
edge from parent/.style={->,draw},>=latex]
% root of the the initial tree, level 1
\node[style1] {Computational Intelligence}
% The first level, as children of the initial tree
child {node[style2] (c1) {Human mind based}}
child {node[style2] (c2) { Evolutionary Algorithms}}
child {node[style2] (c3) { Artificial Neural Computation}};

This generates:

We set the distance of the child’s node from the root node as 40mm. The root node is defined with style1, and each child node is rendered according to style2. We label these child nodes c1, c2, and c3, respectively.

2.4. The Second Level with Positioned Nodes

Now, we add children of the root’s children and apply our custom style3:

% Child 1 node
\node [style3, below of = c1, xshift=15pt] (c11) {Rough set theory};
\node [style3, below of = c11] (c12) {Fuzzy set theory};
\node [style3, below of = c12] (c13) {Perception-based computing};
% Child 2 node            
\node [style3, below of = c2, xshift=15pt] (c21) {Gentic algorithm};
\node [style3, below of = c21] (c22) {Differential evolution};
\node [style3, below of = c22] (c23) {Harmony search algorithm};
% Child 3 node            
\node [style3, below of = c3, xshift=15pt] (c31) {Recurrent};
\node [style3, below of = c31] (c32) {Convolution};
\node [style3, below of = c32] (c33) {Deep};

The result is:

We specify the style and the position of each node (e.g., below of =c1), the horizontal distance from the child node (xshift=15pt), and the labels (c11, c21, c31). We add the text in curly brackets and as the last argument.

2.5. Adding Lines From Each Level 1 Node to All Its Children

Lastly, we can add lines from each child node to the children nodes using the following code:

\foreach \value in {1,2,3}
        \draw[->] (c1.195) |- (c1\value.west);
        
\foreach \value in {1,2,3}
    \draw[->] (c2.195) |- (c2\value.west);
        
\foreach \value in {1,2,3}
    \draw[->] (c3.195) |- (c3\value.west);

With this, we get the WBS we wanted to draw:

We can use a loop instead of manually entering the commands to draw lines.

3. Conclusion

In this article, we described how to draw a work breakdown structure (WBS) using tikz in LaTeX.

Drawing a WBS with LaTeX and tikz offers several benefits:

• LaTeX and tikz provide high-quality typesetting and graphics capabilities, which results in professional-looking WBS figures
• tikz offers extensive customization options, which allows us to create custom figures for specific purposes
• by drawing WBS figures with tikz in LaTeX, we can easily integrate the figures into a LaTeX document

These advantages make LaTeX and tikz a powerful combination for creating visually appealing and highly customizable figures for LaTeX documents.