1. Overview
This tutorial gives a brief overview of testing a REST API using curl.
curl is a command-line tool for transferring data, and it supports about 22 protocols, including HTTP. This combination makes it a very good ad-hoc tool for testing our REST services.
2. Command-line Options
curl supports over 200 command-line options. We can have zero or more of them to accompany the URL in the command.
Before we use it for our purposes, let's take a look at two that would make our lives easier.
2.1. Verbose
When we're testing, it’s a good idea to set the verbose mode on:
curl -v http://www.example.com/
As a result, the commands provide helpful information such as the resolved IP address, the port we're trying to connect to, and the headers.
2.2. Output
By default, curl outputs the response body to standard output. Additionally, we can provide the output option to save to a file:
curl -o out.json http://www.example.com/index.html
This is especially helpful when the response size is large.
3. HTTP Methods With curl
Every HTTP request contains a method. The most commonly used methods are GET, POST, PUT and DELETE.
3.1. GET
This is the default method when making HTTP calls with curl. In fact, the examples previously shown were plain GET calls.
While running a local instance of a service at port 8082, we'd use something like this command to make a GET call:
curl -v http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/9
Since we have the verbose mode on, we get a little more information along with the response body:
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8082 (#0)
> GET /spring-rest/foos/9 HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8082
> User-Agent: curl/7.60.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200
< X-Application-Context: application:8082
< Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Date: Sun, 15 Jul 2018 11:55:26 GMT
<
{
"id" : 9,
"name" : "TuwJ"
}* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
3.2. POST
We use this method to send data to a receiving service, which means we use the data option.
The simplest way of doing this is to embed the data in the command:
curl -d 'id=9&name=baeldung' http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new
Alternatively, we can pass a file containing the request body to the data option like this:
curl -d @request.json -H "Content-Type: application/json"
http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new
By using the above commands as they are, we may run into error messages like the following one:
{
"timestamp" : "15-07-2018 05:57",
"status" : 415,
"error" : "Unsupported Media Type",
"exception" : "org.springframework.web.HttpMediaTypeNotSupportedException",
"message" : "Content type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8' not supported",
"path" : "/spring-rest/foos/new"
}
This is because curl adds the following default header to all POST requests:
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
This is also what the browsers use in a plain POST. In our usage, we’d usually want to customize the headers depending on our needs.
For instance, if our service expects JSON content-type, then we can use the -H option to modify our original POST request:
curl -d '{"id":9,"name":"baeldung"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json'
http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new
Windows command prompt has no support for single quotes like the Unix-like shells.
As a result, we'd need to replace the single quotes with double quotes, though we try to escape them wherever necessary:
curl -d "{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"baeldung\"}" -H "Content-Type: application/json"
http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new
Besides, when we want to send a somewhat larger amount of data, it is usually a good idea to use a data file.
3.3. PUT
This method is very similar to POST, but we use it when we want to send a new version of an existing resource. In order to do this, we use the -X option.
Without any mention of a request method type, curl defaults to using GET; therefore, we explicitly mention the method type in the case of PUT:
curl -d @request.json -H 'Content-Type: application/json'
-X PUT http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/9
3.4. DELETE
Again, we specify that we want to use DELETE by using the -X option:
curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/9
4. Custom Headers
We can replace the default headers or add headers of our own.
For instance, to change the Host header, we do this:
curl -H "Host: com.baeldung" http://example.com/
To switch off the User-Agent header, we put in an empty value:
curl -H "User-Agent:" http://example.com/
The most common scenario while testing is changing the Content-Type and Accept header. We just have to prefix each header with the -H option:
curl -d @request.json -H "Content-Type: application/json"
-H "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new
5. Authentication
A service that requires authentication would send back a 401 – Unauthorized HTTP response code, and an associated WWW-Authenticate header.
For basic authentication, we can simply embed the username and password combination inside our request using the user option:
curl --user baeldung:secretPassword http://example.com/
However, if we want to use OAuth2 for authentication, we first need to get the access_token from our authorization service.
The service response would contain the access_token:
{
"access_token": "b1094abc0-54a4-3eab-7213-877142c33fh3",
"token_type": "bearer",
"refresh_token": "253begef-868c-5d48-92e8-448c2ec4bd91",
"expires_in": 31234
}
Now we can use the token in our Authorization header:
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer b1094abc0-54a4-3eab-7213-877142c33fh3" http://example.com/
6. Conclusion
In this article, we demonstrated using the bare minimum functionality of curl to test our REST services. Although it can do much more than what was discussed here, for our purposes, this much should suffice.
Feel free to type curl -h on the command line to check out all of the available options. The REST service used for the demonstration is available here on GitHub.