Java 中比较两个 HashMap 的多种方式

1. 概述

在本文中，我们将探讨 Java 中比较两个 HashMap 的不同方式。

我们会讨论多种方法来判断两个 HashMap 是否相似。此外，还会使用 Java 8 的 Stream API 和 Guava 库来获取两个 HashMap 之间的详细差异。

2. 使用 Map.equals() 方法

最简单的方式是使用 Map.equals() 方法来判断两个 HashMap 是否拥有相同的键值对：

@Test
public void whenCompareTwoHashMapsUsingEquals_thenSuccess() {
    Map<String, String> asiaCapital1 = new HashMap<String, String>();
    asiaCapital1.put("Japan", "Tokyo");
    asiaCapital1.put("South Korea", "Seoul");

    Map<String, String> asiaCapital2 = new HashMap<String, String>();
    asiaCapital2.put("South Korea", "Seoul");
    asiaCapital2.put("Japan", "Tokyo");

    Map<String, String> asiaCapital3 = new HashMap<String, String>();
    asiaCapital3.put("Japan", "Tokyo");
    asiaCapital3.put("China", "Beijing");

    assertTrue(asiaCapital1.equals(asiaCapital2));
    assertFalse(asiaCapital1.equals(asiaCapital3));
}

✅ Map.equals() 的比较逻辑是通过 Object.equals() 对每个键和值进行比较。这意味着只有在键和值都正确实现了 equals() 方法时，比较才会生效。

⚠️ 举个反例，如果值是数组类型，Map.equals() 就会失效，因为数组的 equals() 方法默认比较的是引用，而不是内容：

@Test
public void whenCompareTwoHashMapsWithArrayValuesUsingEquals_thenFail() {
    Map<String, String[]> asiaCity1 = new HashMap<String, String[]>();
    asiaCity1.put("Japan", new String[] { "Tokyo", "Osaka" });
    asiaCity1.put("South Korea", new String[] { "Seoul", "Busan" });

    Map<String, String[]> asiaCity2 = new HashMap<String, String[]>();
    asiaCity2.put("South Korea", new String[] { "Seoul", "Busan" });
    asiaCity2.put("Japan", new String[] { "Tokyo", "Osaka" });

    assertFalse(asiaCity1.equals(asiaCity2));
}

3. 使用 Java 8 的 Stream API

我们也可以使用 Java 8 的 Stream API 自定义比较逻辑：

private boolean areEqual(Map<String, String> first, Map<String, String> second) {
    if (first.size() != second.size()) {
        return false;
    }

    return first.entrySet().stream()
      .allMatch(e -> e.getValue().equals(second.get(e.getKey())));
}

使用方式如下：

@Test
public void whenCompareTwoHashMapsUsingStreamAPI_thenSuccess() {
    assertTrue(areEqual(asiaCapital1, asiaCapital2));
    assertFalse(areEqual(asiaCapital1, asiaCapital3));
}

如果需要支持数组值的比较，我们可以定制一个支持数组的版本：

private boolean areEqualWithArrayValue(Map<String, String[]> first, Map<String, String[]> second) {
    if (first.size() != second.size()) {
        return false;
    }

    return first.entrySet().stream()
      .allMatch(e -> Arrays.equals(e.getValue(), second.get(e.getKey())));
}

这样就可以成功比较包含数组值的 HashMap：

@Test
public void whenCompareTwoHashMapsWithArrayValuesUsingStreamAPI_thenSuccess() {
    assertTrue(areEqualWithArrayValue(asiaCity1, asiaCity2)); 
    assertFalse(areEqualWithArrayValue(asiaCity1, asiaCity3));
}

4. 比较 HashMap 的键与值

4.1. 比较键集合

可以通过比较 keySet() 来判断两个 HashMap 是否具有相同的键：

@Test
public void whenCompareTwoHashMapKeys_thenSuccess() {
    assertTrue(asiaCapital1.keySet().equals(asiaCapital2.keySet())); 
    assertFalse(asiaCapital1.keySet().equals(asiaCapital3.keySet()));
}

4.2. 比较键对应的值

我们可以使用 Stream API 实现一个方法，来判断哪些键对应的值是相同的：

private Map<String, Boolean> areEqualKeyValues(Map<String, String> first, Map<String, String> second) {
    return first.entrySet().stream()
      .collect(Collectors.toMap(e -> e.getKey(), 
        e -> e.getValue().equals(second.get(e.getKey()))));
}

使用示例：

@Test
public void whenCompareTwoHashMapKeyValuesUsingStreamAPI_thenSuccess() {
    Map<String, String> asiaCapital3 = new HashMap<String, String>();
    asiaCapital3.put("Japan", "Tokyo");
    asiaCapital3.put("South Korea", "Seoul");
    asiaCapital3.put("China", "Beijing");

    Map<String, String> asiaCapital4 = new HashMap<String, String>();
    asiaCapital4.put("South Korea", "Seoul");
    asiaCapital4.put("Japan", "Osaka");
    asiaCapital4.put("China", "Beijing");

    Map<String, Boolean> result = areEqualKeyValues(asiaCapital3, asiaCapital4);

    assertEquals(3, result.size());
    assertThat(result, hasEntry("Japan", false));
    assertThat(result, hasEntry("South Korea", true));
    assertThat(result, hasEntry("China", true));
}

5. 使用 Guava 获取 Map 差异

Guava 提供了强大的 Maps.difference() 方法，用于获取两个 Map 的详细差异。

5.1. entriesDiffering()：获取键相同但值不同的条目

@Test
public void givenDifferentMaps_whenGetDiffUsingGuava_thenSuccess() {
    Map<String, String> asia1 = new HashMap<String, String>();
    asia1.put("Japan", "Tokyo");
    asia1.put("South Korea", "Seoul");
    asia1.put("India", "New Delhi");

    Map<String, String> asia2 = new HashMap<String, String>();
    asia2.put("Japan", "Tokyo");
    asia2.put("China", "Beijing");
    asia2.put("India", "Delhi");

    MapDifference<String, String> diff = Maps.difference(asia1, asia2);
    Map<String, ValueDifference<String>> entriesDiffering = diff.entriesDiffering();

    assertFalse(diff.areEqual());
    assertEquals(1, entriesDiffering.size());
    assertThat(entriesDiffering, hasKey("India"));
    assertEquals("New Delhi", entriesDiffering.get("India").leftValue());
    assertEquals("Delhi", entriesDiffering.get("India").rightValue());
}

5.2. entriesOnlyOnRight() 和 entriesOnlyOnLeft()：获取仅存在于一边的条目

@Test
public void givenDifferentMaps_whenGetEntriesOnOneSideUsingGuava_thenSuccess() {
    MapDifference<String, String> diff = Maps.difference(asia1, asia2);
    Map<String, String> entriesOnlyOnRight = diff.entriesOnlyOnRight();
    Map<String, String> entriesOnlyOnLeft = diff.entriesOnlyOnLeft();
    
    assertEquals(1, entriesOnlyOnRight.size());
    assertEquals(1, entriesOnlyOnLeft.size());
    assertThat(entriesOnlyOnRight, hasEntry("China", "Beijing"));
    assertThat(entriesOnlyOnLeft, hasEntry("South Korea", "Seoul"));
}

5.3. entriesInCommon()：获取完全一致的条目

@Test
public void givenDifferentMaps_whenGetCommonEntriesUsingGuava_thenSuccess() {
    MapDifference<String, String> diff = Maps.difference(asia1, asia2);
    Map<String, String> entriesInCommon = diff.entriesInCommon();

    assertEquals(1, entriesInCommon.size());
    assertThat(entriesInCommon, hasEntry("Japan", "Tokyo"));
}

5.4. 自定义 Maps.difference() 的比较行为

默认情况下，Maps.difference() 使用 equals() 和 hashCode() 比较对象。对于未正确实现这两个方法的对象（如数组），我们可以使用 Equivalence 来自定义比较逻辑：

@Test
public void givenSimilarMapsWithArrayValue_whenCompareUsingGuavaEquivalence_thenSuccess() {
    Equivalence<String[]> eq = new Equivalence<String[]>() {
        @Override
        protected boolean doEquivalent(String[] a, String[] b) {
            return Arrays.equals(a, b);
        }

        @Override
        protected int doHash(String[] value) {
            return value.hashCode();
        }
    };

    MapDifference<String, String[]> diff = Maps.difference(asiaCity1, asiaCity2, eq);
    assertTrue(diff.areEqual());

    diff = Maps.difference(asiaCity1, asiaCity3, eq); 
    assertFalse(diff.areEqual());
}

6. 总结

本文介绍了多种比较 Java 中 HashMap 的方式，包括使用 equals()、Stream API 和 Guava 的 Maps.difference()。这些方法各有适用场景，可以根据具体需求选择合适的方式。

源码可以在 GitHub 上找到。