Java 8 groupingBy Collector介绍

最后修改:2024年1月9日

by Devansh Trivedi

1. Introduction

In this tutorial, we’ll see how the groupingBy collector works using various examples.

To better understand this tutorial, we’ll need a basic knowledge of Java 8 features. Have a look at the intro to Java 8 Streams and the guide to Java 8’s Collectors for these basics.

2. groupingBy Collectors

The Java 8 Stream API lets us process collections of data in a declarative way.

The static factory methods Collectors.groupingBy() and Collectors.groupingByConcurrent() provide us with functionality similar to the ‘GROUP BY’ clause in the SQL language. We use them for grouping objects by some property and storing results in a Map instance.

The overloaded methods of groupingBy are:

  • First, with a classification function as the method parameter:
static <T,K> Collector<T,?,Map<K,List<T>>> 
  groupingBy(Function<? super T,? extends K> classifier)
  • Second, with a classification function and a second collector as method parameters:
static <T,K,A,D> Collector<T,?,Map<K,D>>
  groupingBy(Function<? super T,? extends K> classifier, 
    Collector<? super T,A,D> downstream)
  • Finally, with a classification function, a supplier method (that provides the Map implementation which contains the end result), and a second collector as method parameters:
static <T,K,D,A,M extends Map<K,D>> Collector<T,?,M>
  groupingBy(Function<? super T,? extends K> classifier, 
    Supplier<M> mapFactory, Collector<? super T,A,D> downstream)

2.1. Example Code Setup

To demonstrate the usage of groupingBy(), let’s define a BlogPost class (we will use a stream of BlogPost objects):

class BlogPost {
    String title;
    String author;
    BlogPostType type;
    int likes;
}

Next, the BlogPostType:

enum BlogPostType {
    NEWS,
    REVIEW,
    GUIDE
}

Then the List of BlogPost objects:

List<BlogPost> posts = Arrays.asList( ... );

Let’s also define a Tuple class to group posts by the combination of their type and author attributes:

class Tuple {
    BlogPostType type;
    String author;
}

2.2. Simple Grouping by a Single Column

Let’s start with the simplest groupingBy method, which only takes a classification function as its parameter. A classification function is applied to each element of the stream.

We use the value returned by the function as a key to the map that we get from the groupingBy collector.

To group the blog posts in the blog post list by their type:

Map<BlogPostType, List<BlogPost>> postsPerType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType));

2.3. groupingBy with a Complex Map Key Type

The classification function is not limited to returning only a scalar or String value. The key of the resulting map could be any object as long as we make sure that we implement the necessary equals and hashcode methods.

To group using two fields as keys, we can use the Pair class provided in the javafx.util or org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple packages.

For example, to group the blog posts in the list, by the type and author combined in an Apache Commons Pair instance:

Map<Pair<BlogPostType, String>, List<BlogPost>> postsPerTypeAndAuthor = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(post -> new ImmutablePair<>(post.getType(), post.getAuthor())));

Similarly, we can use the Tuple class defined before, this class can be easily generalized to include more fields as needed. The previous example using a Tuple instance will be:

Map<Tuple, List<BlogPost>> postsPerTypeAndAuthor = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(post -> new Tuple(post.getType(), post.getAuthor())));

Java 16 has introduced the concept of a record as a new form of generating immutable Java classes.

The record feature provides us with a simpler, clearer, and safer way to do groupingBy than the Tuple. For example, we have defined a record instance in the BlogPost:

public class BlogPost {
    private String title;
    private String author;
    private BlogPostType type;
    private int likes;
    record AuthPostTypesLikes(String author, BlogPostType type, int likes) {};
    
    // constructor, getters/setters
}

Now it’s very simple to group the BlotPost in the list by the type, author, and likes using the record instance:

Map<BlogPost.AuthPostTypesLikes, List<BlogPost>> postsPerTypeAndAuthor = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(post -> new BlogPost.AuthPostTypesLikes(post.getAuthor(), post.getType(), post.getLikes())));

2.4. Modifying the Returned Map Value Type

The second overload of groupingBy takes an additional second collector (downstream collector) that is applied to the results of the first collector.

When we specify a classification function, but not a downstream collector, the toList() collector is used behind the scenes.

Let’s use the toSet() collector as the downstream collector and get a Set of blog posts (instead of a List):

Map<BlogPostType, Set<BlogPost>> postsPerType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType, toSet()));

2.5. Grouping by Multiple Fields

A different application of the downstream collector is to do a secondary groupingBy to the results of the first group by.

To group the List of BlogPosts first by author and then by type:

Map<String, Map<BlogPostType, List>> map = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getAuthor, groupingBy(BlogPost::getType)));

2.6. Getting the Average from Grouped Results

By using the downstream collector, we can apply aggregation functions in the results of the classification function.

For instance, to find the average number of likes for each blog post type:

Map<BlogPostType, Double> averageLikesPerType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType, averagingInt(BlogPost::getLikes)));

2.7. Getting the Sum from Grouped Results

To calculate the total sum of likes for each type:

Map<BlogPostType, Integer> likesPerType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType, summingInt(BlogPost::getLikes)));

2.8. Getting the Maximum or Minimum from Grouped Results

Another aggregation that we can perform is to get the blog post with the maximum number of likes:

Map<BlogPostType, Optional<BlogPost>> maxLikesPerPostType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType,
  maxBy(comparingInt(BlogPost::getLikes))));

Similarly, we can apply the minBy downstream collector to obtain the blog post with the minimum number of likes.

Note that the maxBy and minBy collectors take into account the possibility that the collection to which they are applied could be empty. This is why the value type in the map is Optional.

2.9. Getting a Summary for an Attribute of Grouped Results

The Collectors API offers a summarizing collector that we can use in cases when we need to calculate the count, sum, minimum, maximum and average of a numerical attribute at the same time.

Let’s calculate a summary for the likes attribute of the blog posts for each different type:

Map<BlogPostType, IntSummaryStatistics> likeStatisticsPerType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType, 
  summarizingInt(BlogPost::getLikes)));

The IntSummaryStatistics object for each type contains the count, sum, average, min and max values for the likes attribute. Additional summary objects exist for double and long values.

2.10. Aggregating Multiple Attributes of a Grouped Result

In the previous sections we’ve seen how to aggregate one field at a time. There are some techniques that we can follow to do aggregations over multiple fields.

The first approach is to use Collectors::collectingAndThen for the downstream collector of groupingBy. For the first parameter of collectingAndThen we collect the stream into a list, using Collectors::toList. The second parameter applies the finishing transformation, we can use it with any of the Collectors’ class methods that support aggregations to get our desired results.

For example, let’s group by author and for each one we count the number of titles, list the titles, and provide a summary statistics of the likes. To accomplish this, we start by adding a new record to the BlogPost:

public class BlogPost {
    // ...
    record PostCountTitlesLikesStats(long postCount, String titles, IntSummaryStatistics likesStats){};
     // ...
}

The implementation of groupingBy and collectingAndThen will be:

Map<String, BlogPost.PostCountTitlesLikesStats> postsPerAuthor = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getAuthor, collectingAndThen(toList(), list -> {
    long count = list.stream()
      .map(BlogPost::getTitle)
      .collect(counting());
    String titles = list.stream()
      .map(BlogPost::getTitle)
      .collect(joining(" : "));
    IntSummaryStatistics summary = list.stream()
      .collect(summarizingInt(BlogPost::getLikes));
    return new BlogPost.PostCountTitlesLikesStats(count, titles, summary);
  })));

In the first parameter of collectingAndThen we get a list of BlogPos**t. We use it in the finishing transformation as an input to the lambda function to calculate the values to generate PostCountTitlesLikesStats.

To get the information for a given author is as simple as:

BlogPost.PostCountTitlesLikesStats result = postsPerAuthor.get("Author 1");
assertThat(result.postCount()).isEqualTo(3L);
assertThat(result.titles()).isEqualTo("News item 1 : Programming guide : Tech review 2");
assertThat(result.likesStats().getMax()).isEqualTo(20);
assertThat(result.likesStats().getMin()).isEqualTo(15);
assertThat(result.likesStats().getAverage()).isEqualTo(16.666d, offset(0.001d));

We can also do more sophisticated aggregations if we use Collectors::toMap to collect and aggregate the elements of the stream.

Let’s consider a simple example where we want to group the BlogPost elements by author and concatenate the titles with an upper bounded sum of like scores.

First, we create the record that is going to encapsulate our aggregated result:

public class BlogPost {
    // ...
    record TitlesBoundedSumOfLikes(String titles, int boundedSumOfLikes) {};
    // ...
}

Then we group and accumulate the stream in the following manner:

int maxValLikes = 17;
Map<String, BlogPost.TitlesBoundedSumOfLikes> postsPerAuthor = posts.stream()
  .collect(toMap(BlogPost::getAuthor, post -> {
    int likes = (post.getLikes() > maxValLikes) ? maxValLikes : post.getLikes();
    return new BlogPost.TitlesBoundedSumOfLikes(post.getTitle(), likes);
  }, (u1, u2) -> {
    int likes = (u2.boundedSumOfLikes() > maxValLikes) ? maxValLikes : u2.boundedSumOfLikes();
    return new BlogPost.TitlesBoundedSumOfLikes(u1.titles().toUpperCase() + " : " + u2.titles().toUpperCase(), u1.boundedSumOfLikes() + likes);
  }));

The first parameter of toMap groups the keys applying BlogPost::getAuthor.

The second parameter transforms the values of the map using the lambda function to convert each BlogPost into a TitlesBoundedSumOfLikes record.

The third parameter of toMap deals with duplicate elements for a given key and here we use another lambda function to concatenate the titles and sum the likes with a max allowed value specified in maxValLikes.

2.11. Mapping Grouped Results to a Different Type

We can achieve more complex aggregations by applying a mapping downstream collector to the results of the classification function.

Let’s get a concatenation of the titles of the posts for each blog post type:

Map<BlogPostType, String> postsPerType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType, 
  mapping(BlogPost::getTitle, joining(", ", "Post titles: [", "]"))));

What we have done here is to map each BlogPost instance to its title and then reduce the stream of post titles to a concatenated String. In this example, the type of the Map value is also different from the default List type.

2.12. Modifying the Return Map Type

When using the groupingBy collector, we cannot make assumptions about the type of the returned Map. If we want to be specific about which type of Map we want to get from the group by, then we can use the third variation of the groupingBy method that allows us to change the type of the Map by passing a Map supplier function.

Let’s retrieve an EnumMap by passing an EnumMap supplier function to the groupingBy method:

EnumMap<BlogPostType, List<BlogPost>> postsPerType = posts.stream()
  .collect(groupingBy(BlogPost::getType, 
  () -> new EnumMap<>(BlogPostType.class), toList()));

3. Concurrent groupingBy Collector

Similar to groupingBy is the groupingByConcurrent collector, which leverages multi-core architectures. This collector has three overloaded methods that take exactly the same arguments as the respective overloaded methods of the groupingBy collector. The return type of the groupingByConcurrent collector, however, must be an instance of the ConcurrentHashMap class or a subclass of it.

To do a grouping operation concurrently, the stream needs to be parallel:

ConcurrentMap<BlogPostType, List<BlogPost>> postsPerType = posts.parallelStream()
  .collect(groupingByConcurrent(BlogPost::getType));

If we choose to pass a Map supplier function to the groupingByConcurrent collector, then we need to make sure that the function returns either a ConcurrentHashMap or a subclass of it.

4. Java 9 Additions

Java 9 introduced two new collectors that work well with groupingBy; more information about them can be found here.

5. Conclusion

In this article, we explored the usage of the groupingBy collector offered by the Java 8 Collectors API.

We learned how groupingBy can be used to classify a stream of elements based on one of their attributes, and how the results of this classification can be further collected, mutated, and reduced to final containers.

The complete implementation of the examples in this article can be found in the GitHub project.

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