1. Overview
One of the most welcome changes in Java 8 was the introduction of lambda expressions, as these allow us to forego anonymous classes, greatly reducing boilerplate code and improving readability.
Method references are a special type of lambda expressions. They’re often used to create simple lambda expressions by referencing existing methods.
There are four kinds of method references:
- Static methods
- Instance methods of particular objects
- Instance methods of an arbitrary object of a particular type
- Constructor
In this tutorial, we’ll explore method references in Java.
2. Reference to a Static Method
We’ll begin with a very simple example, capitalizing and printing a list of Strings:
List<String> messages = Arrays.asList("hello", "baeldung", "readers!");
We can achieve this by leveraging a simple lambda expression calling the StringUtils.capitalize() method directly:
messages.forEach(word -> StringUtils.capitalize(word));
Or, we can use a method reference to simply refer to the capitalize static method:
messages.forEach(StringUtils::capitalize);
Notice that method references always utilize the :: operator.
3. Reference to an Instance Method of a Particular Object
To demonstrate this type of method reference, let’s consider two classes:
public class Bicycle {
private String brand;
private Integer frameSize;
// standard constructor, getters and setters
}
public class BicycleComparator implements Comparator<Bicycle> {
@Override
public int compare(Bicycle a, Bicycle b) {
return a.getFrameSize().compareTo(b.getFrameSize());
}
}
And, let’s create a BicycleComparator object to compare bicycle frame sizes:
BicycleComparator bikeFrameSizeComparator = new BicycleComparator();
We could use a lambda expression to sort bicycles by frame size, but we’d need to specify two bikes for comparison:
createBicyclesList().stream()
.sorted((a, b) -> bikeFrameSizeComparator.compare(a, b));
Instead, we can use a method reference to have the compiler handle parameter passing for us:
createBicyclesList().stream()
.sorted(bikeFrameSizeComparator::compare);
The method reference is much cleaner and more readable, as our intention is clearly shown by the code.
4. Reference to an Instance Method of an Arbitrary Object of a Particular Type
This type of method reference is similar to the previous example, but without having to create a custom object to perform the comparison.
Let’s create an Integer list that we want to sort:
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(5, 3, 50, 24, 40, 2, 9, 18);
If we use a classic lambda expression, both parameters need to be explicitly passed, while using a method reference is much more straightforward:
numbers.stream()
.sorted((a, b) -> a.compareTo(b));
numbers.stream()
.sorted(Integer::compareTo);
Even though it’s still a one-liner, the method reference is much easier to read and understand.
5. Reference to a Constructor
We can reference a constructor in the same way that we referenced a static method in our first example. The only difference is that we’ll use the new keyword.
Let’s create a Bicycle array out of a String list with different brands:
List<String> bikeBrands = Arrays.asList("Giant", "Scott", "Trek", "GT");
First, we’ll add a new constructor to our Bicycle class:
public Bicycle(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
this.frameSize = 0;
}
Next, we’ll use our new constructor from a method reference and make a Bicycle array from the original String list:
bikeBrands.stream()
.map(Bicycle::new)
.toArray(Bicycle[]::new);
Notice how we called both Bicycle and Array constructors using a method reference, giving our code a much more concise and clear appearance.
6. Additional Examples and Limitations
As we’ve seen so far, method references are a great way to make our code and intentions very clear and readable. However, we can’t use them to replace all kinds of lambda expressions since they have some limitations.
Their main limitation is a result of what’s also their biggest strength: the output from the previous expression needs to match the input parameters of the referenced method signature.
Let’s see an example of this limitation:
createBicyclesList().forEach(b -> System.out.printf(
"Bike brand is '%s' and frame size is '%d'%n",
b.getBrand(),
b.getFrameSize()));
This simple case can’t be expressed with a method reference, because the printf method requires 3 parameters in our case, and using createBicyclesList().forEach() would only allow the method reference to infer one parameter (the Bicycle object).
Finally, let’s explore how to create a no-operation function that can be referenced from a lambda expression.
In this case, we’ll want to use a lambda expression without using its parameters.
First, let’s create the doNothingAtAll method:
private static <T> void doNothingAtAll(Object... o) {
}
As it is a varargs method, it will work in any lambda expression, no matter the referenced object or number of parameters inferred.
Now, let’s see it in action:
createBicyclesList()
.forEach((o) -> MethodReferenceExamples.doNothingAtAll(o));
7. Conclusion
In this quick tutorial, we learned what method references are in Java and how to use them to replace lambda expressions, thereby improving readability and clarifying the programmer’s intent.
All code presented in this article is available over on GitHub.