Shell 脚本解析主机名

1. Introduction

In the realm of systems administration and network troubleshooting, resolving hostnames to their corresponding IP addresses is a fundamental task. Various tools and commands are available for this purpose, each offering its unique features and capabilities.

In this tutorial, we’ll explore different methods for hostname resolution in a Bash script.

2. Using getent

getent is a command that retrieves entries from various databases, including the one responsible for hostname resolution.

First, let’s use the getent command to resolve a hostname:

$ getent hosts example.com
104.18.7.161    example.com
104.18.6.161    example.com

In this case, the output shows the IP addresses associated with the example.com.

Then, let’s see how we can use getent in a Bash script:

$ cat resolveGetent.sh
#!/bin/bash

# Resolve the Hostname to IP
hostname="$1"
ip_address=$(getent hosts "$hostname" | awk '{ print $1 }' | head -n1)

if [ -z "$ip_address" ]; then
    echo "Hostname '$hostname' could not be resolved to an IP address."
else
    echo "The IP address of $hostname is $ip_address"
fi

In this case, we have a Bash script called resolve.sh. It takes a single hostname as input, assigns it to the hostname variable, and tries to find its corresponding IP address. Then, we use getent to look up the hostname in the system’s hosts database and extract the IP address using awk.

Let’s break down the usage of getent:

• hosts “$hostname” queries the hosts file for the specified hostname
• awk ‘{ print $1 }’ extracts the first column from each line
• head -n1 selects only the first line

Of course, we only use head -n1 when we want to get the first IP address of the host.

Now, let’s make the script executable via chmod and test it:

$ chmod +x resolveGetent.sh
$ ./resolveGetent.sh example.com
The IP address of example.com is 104.18.7.161

As we can see, we successfully resolved example.com to the IP address we saw earlier.

3. Using host

host is a simple utility to perform Domain Name System (DNS) lookups, which involve translating human-readable hostnames into IP addresses and vice versa.

First, let’s use host to resolve a hostname:

$ host example.com
example.com has address 104.18.6.161
example.com has address 104.18.7.161
example.com mail is handled by 30 alt2.aspmx.l.google.com.
example.com mail is handled by 10 aspmx.l.google.com.
...

As we can see, the host command provides more comprehensive information about the specified hostname, including multiple IP addresses and mail server details.

Then, let’s use the host command for resolving:

$ cat resolveHost.sh
#!/bin/bash

# Get the hostname from the first argument
hostname="$1"

# Use the 'host' command to resolve the hostname
ip_address=$(host "$hostname" | awk '{print $4}' | head -n1)

# Check if the 'host' command was successful
if [ -n "$ip_address" ]; then
    echo "The IP address of $hostname is $ip_address"
else
    echo "Hostname resolution failed for $hostname"
fi

As we can see, this Bash script takes a hostname as a command-line argument assigned to the hostname variable. Then, we use the host command to resolve that to an IP address. Since the IP address is in the fourth column of the output in the host command, we used awk ‘{print $4}’ to select it.

Moreover, we used head -n1 to select only the first line of the output. Finally, we report the result, indicating whether the resolution was successful or not.

4. Using dig

Domain Information Groper dig is a tool for querying DNS servers to retrieve information about domain names, including IP addresses. Hence, it provides detailed information such as name servers, record types, and other DNS-related data.

First, let’s see the usage of dig:

$ dig example.com

; <<>> DiG 9.18.12-0ubuntu0.22.04.3-Ubuntu <<>> example.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 47769
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
...
;; ANSWER SECTION:
example.com.               5       IN      A       104.18.7.161
example.com.               5       IN      A       104.18.6.161
...

In this case, dig provides detailed information about the DNS query for example.com, including the A records associated with the domain and additional metadata about the query.

Of course, we can get shorter information:

$ dig +short example.com
104.18.6.161
104.18.7.161

Here, we use the +short option when we want a quick and more straightforward presentation of DNS information without additional details.

Now, let’s see how we can use dig in a Bash script:

$ cat resolveDig.sh
#!/bin/bash

# Extract the hostname from the command-line argument
hostname="$1"

# Use dig to resolve the hostname to an IP address
resolved_ip=$(dig +short "$hostname")

# Check if the resolution was successful
if [ -n "$resolved_ip" ]; then
    echo "The IP address for $hostname is: $resolved_ip"
else
    echo "Failed to resolve $hostname"
fi

In this case, firstly, we take a hostname as a command-line argument and assign it to the hostname variable. Secondly, we use dig to resolve it to an IP address. Thirdly, we print either the successful result or a failure message based on the success of the resolution. Moreover, we used the +short option to display each IP address without additional information. Notably, we show all IP addresses in this case.

5. Using nslookup

nslookup is a command that helps to find the IP address of a domain or the domain associated with an IP address by querying DNS servers. Further, it’s a useful tool for DNS-related troubleshooting.

First, let’s use the nslookup command to resolve a hostname:

$ nslookup example.com
Server:         127.0.0.53
Address:        127.0.0.53#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:   example.com
Address: 104.18.7.161
Name:   example.com
Address: 104.18.6.161

In this case, the DNS query results in two IP addresses indicating that example.com has two A records, which means it’s associated with two different IP addresses.

Then, we can place nslookup in a Bash script:

$ cat resolveNslookup.sh
#!/bin/bash

# Extract the hostname from the command-line argument
hostname="$1"

# Use nslookup to resolve the hostname to an IP address
resolved_ip=$(nslookup -sil "$hostname" | grep -oE 'Address: ([0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)' | cut -d' ' -f2)

# Check if the resolution was successful
if [ -n "$resolved_ip" ]; then
    echo "The IP address for $hostname is: $resolved_ip"
else
    echo "Failed to resolve $hostname"
fi

Let’s break down the code:

• -sil “$hostname_to_resolve” suppresses additional information, making the output more machine-readable
• grep -o outputs only the matching part of the line
• grep -E enables extended regular expressions
• ‘Address: ([0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)’ searches for the pattern in the nslookup output and preserves a match within ()
• cut -d’ ‘ specifies the space character as the delimiter
• -f2 gets the second field

In summary, we resolve a hostname to an IP address. Then, we extract the relevant information using grep, and isolate the IP address from that using cut. Finally, we store and check the resolved_ip variable.

6. Using Python

To resolve a hostname in a Bash script, we can utilize Python within the script by embedding a Python script directly. In particular, we leverage Python’s socket module to perform hostname resolution.

Let’s take a look at using Python inside of the Bash script for resolving:

$ cat resolvePython.sh
#!/bin/bash

# Get the hostname from the command-line argument
hostname_to_resolve="$1"

# Python script to resolve hostname
python_script=$(cat <<EOF
import socket
import sys

hostname = sys.argv[1]
try:
    ip_address = socket.gethostbyname(hostname)
    print(f"The IP address of {hostname} is {ip_address}")
except socket.error as e:
    print(f"Error resolving {hostname}: {e}")
EOF
)

# Execute the Python script with the provided hostname using python3
resolved_ip=$(python3 -c "$python_script" "$hostname_to_resolve")

# Print the resolved IP address
echo "Resolved IP address: $resolved_ip"

Let’s break down the main part of the code:

• import socket provides access to low-level networking operations
• import sys provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and functions
• hostname = sys.argv[1] retrieves the hostname from the command-line argument
• socket.gethostbyname tries to resolve the hostname

In summary, this script takes a hostname as a command-line argument, uses a Python script embedded within the Bash script to resolve the hostname, and then prints the resolved IP address.

7. Conclusion

In this article, we’ve explored various methods for resolving a hostname in a Bash script.

Automating hostname resolution can significantly enhance operational efficiency, streamline troubleshooting processes, and contribute to the overall effectiveness of system management tasks.