1. Introduction
In this tutorial, we’ll walk through two processing techniques of computer science. Particularly we’ll introduce multithreading and hyperthreading techniques, talk about their different approach, highlight their advantages and disadvantages, and discuss their most frequent usage.
2. Multithreading
In computer systems, processors execute lightweight sets of instructions that are called threads. In order to improve the overall system performance, responsiveness, and throughput, multiple threads can be executed concurrently on different cores. The concept of multithreading CPUs has been around since the 1950s, but simultaneous multithreading was first introduced by IBM in 1968.
In multithreading, every single process is divided into multiple sub-processes that can be executed simultaneously:
Multithread programming allows the execution of several lightweight threads with the support of the operation system. These lightweight processes are divided into two types, Kernel and User threads.
Generating kernel threads is supported by the operating system. Kernel threads are simpler to maintain but are slower to generate. On the other hand, the management and creation of user threads are simpler. Users can create them via a thread library that is generic and works with any operating system.
3. Hyperthreading
Another technology designed to enhance the performance of the CPU and provide thread-level parallelism is hyperthreading which was first introduced by Intel in 2002 on the Xeon server and on Pentium 4 desktop processors.
In this technology, the CPU is divided into two or more virtualized CPU cores. These virtualized CPU cores work independently, and thus multiple threads can be executed simultaneously:
Therefore the operating system recognizes each physical core as two virtualized cores, and threads are executed on each visualized core. By doing so, multiple threads are scheduled on a single physical core, and the utilization of the processor is increased.
4. Comparison of Multithreading and Hyperthreading
Both multithreading and hyperthreading are techniques that aim to achieve high performance and responsiveness of a system. They are employed to increase the clock speed and cache size of the CPU.
First of all, multithreading necessitates careful consideration of thread synchronization, race situations, and deadlocks, and thus can generally be a challenging subject. This is because the threads usually have the same memory and resources.
On the other hand, using hyperthreading generally doesn’t involve any additional programming because it is a hardware-level technology. The operating system manages the scheduling of threads on a hyperthreaded core, which divides workloads into processes that can be run independently.
Summary of the differences between multithreading and hyperthreading:
Feature
Multithreading
Hyperthreading
Definition
Multiple threads within a single process concurrently
Single physical processor operates as two virtualized processors
Resource Sharing
Each thread has its own set of execution resources
Threads share the execution resources of a single physical core
Implementation
Software or hardware level
Hardware level
Hardware Requirements
Multiple physical cores required
Single physical core capable of running multiple threads
5. Advantages and Disadvantages
Both multithreading and hyperthreading have their own set of benefits and limitations as well.
Multithreading handles more efficiently tasks that can be parallelized but required more processing power. On the other hand, hyperthreading improves the efficiency of how the processor handles multiple threads and provided high levels of parallelism but doesn’t offer as much processing power as multithreading.
A summary of some benefits and limitations of multithreading and hyperthreading:
Multithreading
Hyperthreading
More processing power
Handles multiple threads efficiently
Leads to significant performance for tasks that can be parallelized
Leads to improved performance for tasks that require a high degree of parallelism
Requires a processor with multiple physical cores
Doesn’t provide as much processing power as multithreading
More expensive and may not be available on all systems
May cause contention and cache thrashing
6. Use Cases of Multithreading and Hyperthreading
Multithreading is mostly used for tasks that can be easily divided into multiple threads and don’t include data dependencies meaning they don’t heavily depend on each other or include several hazards. Tasks that can be broken into several threads and be executed simultaneously usually include desktop applications such as file I/O, web browsing, networking, and image processing.
Hyperthreading is more employed for tasks that require a high degree of parallelism, such as video editing, 3D rendering, and scientific and mathematical simulations.
Note that it is important to consider the specific needs of your workloads and the capabilities of your system before deciding which technology to use.
7. Conclusion
Hyperthreading breaks a single physical processor into two logical/virtual processors, whereas multithreading simultaneously runs numerous threads in a single process. This is the primary distinction between the two techniques. Also, the difficulty of programming multithreading and hyperthreading may range depending on the programming language, the specific requirements of the application, and the level of support provided by the hardware and operating system.
In this tutorial, we analyzed the most important aspects of multithreading and hyperthreading and highlighted their differences along with their main advantages, disadvantages, and usages.